SCULPTURES IN POST MAURYAN AGE (5:36 P.M.)

• Sculpture is a 3-D figure.

• 	Gandhara School	Mathura School	Amaravati School
  Area	It was practised in the North-west frontier province.	It was practised in Sonkh, Kankali Tila, and Mathura regions.	It was practised in Lower Krishna Godavari Valley.
  Material	Gray Sandstone	Red Sandstone	White Marble
  Influence	Greco-Roman and Bactrian Influence.	No outside influence.	No outside Influence.
  Patrons	Kushana Dynasty	Kushana Dynasty	Satavahana and Ikshvaku
  Religions	Buddhism	Buddhism, Jainism, and Hinduism	Buddhism
  Features	Spiritual images of Buddha. Wavy hair. Half-closed eyes. Unshaven face. Less ornaments.  Optimum clothes. Lean and thin body. Muscles and veins are visible sometimes.  Halo in the Gandhara was kept completely plain.	Delighted Buddha. Combed Hair.  Fully open eyes.  Shaved face.  More ornaments.  Opulent Clothes.  Round body with visibility of fat.  The halo behind the head of Buddha was highly ornamental or decorative.	They didn't create a single dominating image. Instead, they preferred the creation of Panel images based on the previous life story of Buddha (i.e. Jataka Katha or folk narratives). Most often depicted Jataka stories in the Amravati are Queen Mayadevi's Dream, Chaddanta Jataka, Mahakapi Jataka, Ruru Jataka, Sibi Jataka, and Virupandita Jataka.
  Specific Features	Greek Features In many images of Buddha, facial features resembled the Greek gods Apollo and Zeus.  The grace of Gandhara's images was also inspired by the Greek gods Apollo and Zeus. Wavy hair was also a common attribute of the Greek sculptures. Some of the Gandhara sculptures depicted masculinity, which seems to be inspired by the images of Hercules, Atlas, and Hades.   Roman Features Tall images. Broad shoulders and chest. Large forehead and earlobe.  There was a realistic depiction.  Bactrian and Central Asian Influence  They also depicted wavy hair. Face with beards and mustaches. Ornamentation or crown on the head. In some images, Buddha and Boddhisattva were depicted holding weapons. Long overcoats and boots were also depicted.	Jainism Images of 24 Tirthankars were created. However, the most repeated image belonged to Vardhman Mahavir. He was often depicted in a standing posture and completely naked. Moreover, his image was also surrounded by plants, animals, creepers, and snakes.   Generally, in Jain images, a Chakra was created in the middle of their chest. Hinduism (6:21 P.M.) The majority of the images belonged to Lord Shiva and Lord Vishnu. In some places, images of Goddess Lakshmi and Durga were also depicted. Lord Shiva was generally portrayed in the form of Shivalinga and Mukhalinga. The full body image of Lord Vishnu was created along with his Ayudh (weapons). A few images of goddess Lakshmi and Mahishasur Mardini were also found.

DEPICTION OF THE VARIOUS EXAMPLES OF CAVE ARCHITECTURE, STUPAS, AND SCULPTURES (6:55 P.M.)

• Rampurva Bull capital is placed in front of the Rashtrapati Bhavan.
• Lauriya Nandangarh has a square abacus.
• On the Toranas of the Sanchi stupa, Jataka stories are depicted.

POST-MAURYAN STUPA (7:11 P.M.)

• The wooden Vedika of the Maurya Age was now replaced with stone Vedika.
• Inside the premise of the Stupa, an image of Manushi Buddha was installed.
• (* Manushi Buddha is the one who was born among us, and became enlightened.)
• Two Pradakshinapaths were created. The additional one was created at the level of Medhi connected by stairs.
• Lower Pradakshinapath indicated the Hinayana path of Buddhism.
• Upper Pradakshinapath indicated the Mahayana path of Buddhism.
• The number of Chattris also started to increase in this period, in odd numbers.
• The increasing number of Chattris indicated the great teachers who followed Buddha and the increasing growth of Buddhism.
• Examples of Stupa of this time are:
• (a) Sanchi stupa
• (b) Bharhut stupa.
• (c) Amaravati Stupa.

GUPTA AGE ARCHITECTURE (7:28 P.M.)

• The Gupta Age has been regarded as the golden age of art and architecture.
• Particularly during the reign of Chandragupta II, there was holistic development in the field of architecture, Sanskrit classical literature, Hindu religious literature, astrology, astronomy, mathematics, medicine, surgery, and metallurgy.
• The cave architecture reached its climax during this period.
• Not only temples were created, but manuscript related to temple construction was also written namely Vastu Shastra and Vishnu Dharmottara Purana.

CAVE ARCHITECTURE DURING THE GUPTA PERIOD

• Ajanta Caves
• 
• It is situated in the gorge of the Waghora River in Sambhajinagar of Maharashtra.
• A total of 29 caves were created, which were completely Buddhist.
• Four caves were Chaityas i.e. Prayer Halls for monks, and 25 were Viharas, i.e. resting places for the monks.
• Inside the Ajanta caves, sculptures and paintings related to Buddhism were created.
• The most important is the fresco-mural paintings of Ajanta.
• Fresco Mural Painting of Ajanta
• The wall paintings are known as murals.
• Inside Ajanta caves fresco murals were created based on Buddhism.
• In the very first step, a mixture of clay, cow dung, and rice husk was applied to the wall of the cave.
• In the second step, lime plaster was coated on the mixture.
• In the final step, the images were created to be filled with colors.
• This initial mixture absorbed the colour and imprinted it on the wall of the cave. As such, it increased the longevity of the painting.
• For example, Padmapani (Bodhisattva holding the lotus in his hand), Vajrapani (Boddhisattva holding the thunderbolt in his hand), flying Apsara, and dying princess.
• 
• Padmapani is also referred to as Avalokiteshwara (The lord who looks down with compassion).

THE TOPIC FOR THE NEXT CLASS: CONTINUATION OF GUPTA AGE ARCHITECTURE